src/actions.ts

@@ -41,13 +41,19 @@ export type ConfirmSubscriptionParams = {
 export const confirmSubscriptionAction = instrument(
   'actions.confirmSubscription',
   async ({ token }: ConfirmSubscriptionParams) => {
-    const sub = await db.confirmSubscription(token)
+    const result = await db.confirmSubscription(token)
 
-    if (!sub) {
+    if (!result) {
       throw new ActionError('That confirmation code is invalid or has expired.')
     }
 
-    worker.registerSubscription(sub)
+    // Only register the cron job when this is a fresh confirmation.
+    // If already confirmed, the job is already running.
+    if (!result.alreadyConfirmed) {
+      worker.registerSubscription(result.sub)
+    }
+
+    return result
   },
 )
 

src/database.ts

@@ -195,16 +195,37 @@ export const insertSubscription = instrument(
   }
 )
 
+export type ConfirmResult = {
+  sub: Subscription
+  alreadyConfirmed: boolean
+}
+
 export const confirmSubscription = instrument(
   'database.confirmSubscription',
-  async (key: string) => {
-    return parseSubscription(
+  async (key: string): Promise<ConfirmResult | undefined> => {
+    // Try to update an unconfirmed, active row
+    const updated = parseSubscription(
       await get(
         `UPDATE subscriptions SET confirmed_at = unixepoch()
          WHERE key = ? AND confirmed_at IS NULL AND unsubscribed_at IS NULL RETURNING *`,
         [key]
       )
     )
+
+    if (updated) {
+      return { sub: updated, alreadyConfirmed: false }
+    }
+
+    // No unconfirmed row was updated. Check if the key exists and is
+    // already confirmed — the user is re-clicking a used link. If the row
+    // is unsubscribed, treat it as invalid (expired).
+    const existing = await getSubscriptionByKey(key)
+
+    if (!existing || existing.unsubscribed_at) {
+      return undefined
+    }
+
+    return { sub: existing, alreadyConfirmed: true }
   }
 )
 

src/pages/confirm-already.html

@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8" />
+    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
+    <title>Email Already Confirmed</title>
+    <style>
+      * { box-sizing: border-box; }
+      body {
+        font-family: 'Inter', system-ui, -apple-system, sans-serif;
+        display: flex;
+        align-items: center;
+        justify-content: center;
+        min-height: 100vh;
+        margin: 0;
+        background: #f0f2f5;
+        color: #1e293b;
+      }
+      .container {
+        width: 100%;
+        max-width: 480px;
+        margin: 16px;
+        text-align: center;
+        padding: 40px 32px;
+        background: #ffffff;
+        border-radius: 12px;
+        border: 1px solid #e2e8f0;
+      }
+      .logo { height: 40px; width: auto; margin: 0 auto 16px; display: block; }
+      .brand {
+        font-size: 24px;
+        font-weight: 700;
+        margin: 0 0 28px;
+        color: {{brandAccent}};
+      }
+      .title {
+        font-size: 20px;
+        font-weight: 700;
+        margin: 0 0 12px;
+        color: #1e293b;
+      }
+      .message {
+        font-size: 15px;
+        line-height: 1.6;
+        color: #64748b;
+        margin: 0;
+      }
+      .message a { color: {{brandAccent}}; text-decoration: none; font-weight: 600; }
+    </style>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <div class="container">
+      {{#brandLogo}}<img class="logo" src="{{brandLogo}}" alt="{{brandName}}" />{{/brandLogo}}
+      <div class="brand">{{brandName}}</div>
+      <h1 class="title">Email already confirmed</h1>
+      <p class="message">
+        This email address has already been confirmed. You're all set — no further action needed.
+        Visit <a href="{{settingsUrl}}">{{brandName}}</a> to manage your notification settings.
+      </p>
+    </div>
+  </body>
+</html>

src/server.ts

@@ -327,7 +327,13 @@ addRoute('get', '/confirm', async (req: Request, res: Response) => {
   }
 
   try {
-    await confirmSubscriptionAction({ token: req.query.token })
+    const result = await confirmSubscriptionAction({ token: req.query.token })
+
+    if (result.alreadyConfirmed) {
+      return res.send(await render('pages/confirm-already.html', {
+        ...brandingVars(),
+      }))
+    }
 
     res.send(await render('pages/confirm-success.html', {
       ...brandingVars(),

test/confirm-already-confirmed.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+import { describe, it, expect, beforeAll } from 'vitest'
+import * as db from '../src/database.js'
+
+const pubkey = 'reconfirm-test-' + Date.now()
+const email = 'reconfirm-test-' + Date.now() + '@example.com'
+let token: string
+
+describe('Confirm link idempotency — already-confirmed token', () => {
+  beforeAll(async () => {
+    await db.migrate()
+  })
+
+  it('creates and confirms a subscription for the first time', async () => {
+    const sub = await db.insertSubscription(pubkey, email, 'daily')
+    expect(sub).toBeTruthy()
+    token = sub.key
+
+    const result = await db.confirmSubscription(token)
+    expect(result).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(result!.sub.confirmed_at).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(result!.alreadyConfirmed).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('returns a distinct result (not undefined) when confirming an already-confirmed token', async () => {
+    // BUG: confirmSubscription used `WHERE confirmed_at IS NULL`, so
+    // re-confirming an already-confirmed token matched zero rows and
+    // the UPDATE returned nothing → parseSubscription returned undefined.
+    // The caller then threw ActionError('invalid or expired') and the
+    // user saw "Email not confirmed" — which is misleading.
+    //
+    // FIX: confirmSubscription now detects the already-confirmed case
+    // and returns { sub, alreadyConfirmed: true } so the handler can
+    // render an "already confirmed" info page instead of an error page.
+    const result = await db.confirmSubscription(token)
+    expect(result).not.toBeUndefined()
+    expect(result!.alreadyConfirmed).toBe(true)
+    expect(result!.sub.confirmed_at).toBeTruthy()
+  })
+
+  it('returns undefined for a nonexistent token', async () => {
+    const result = await db.confirmSubscription('nonexistent-token-' + Date.now())
+    expect(result).toBeUndefined()
+  })
+})

test/duplicate-subscription.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+import { describe, it, expect, beforeAll } from 'vitest'
+import * as db from '../src/database.js'
+
+const pubkey = 'dup-test-' + Date.now()
+const email = 'dup-test-' + Date.now() + '@example.com'
+let token: string
+
+describe('Duplicate subscription prevention — idempotent re-register after confirm', () => {
+  beforeAll(async () => {
+    await db.migrate()
+  })
+
+  it('registers a subscription (fresh)', async () => {
+    const sub = await db.insertSubscription(pubkey, email, 'daily')
+    expect(sub).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(sub!.confirmed_at).toBeFalsy()
+    expect(sub!.unsubscribed_at).toBeFalsy()
+    token = sub!.key
+  })
+
+  it('confirms the subscription', async () => {
+    const result = await db.confirmSubscription(token)
+    expect(result).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(result!.alreadyConfirmed).toBe(false)
+    expect(result!.sub.confirmed_at).toBeTruthy()
+  })
+
+  it('re-registers with the same email and frequency (idempotent PUT)', async () => {
+    // This simulates a second PUT from the client with identical params.
+    // The bug would create a second active row + send a new confirmation email.
+    const sub = await db.insertSubscription(pubkey, email, 'daily')
+    expect(sub).toBeTruthy()
+    // Must return the existing confirmed row, NOT a fresh unconfirmed row
+    expect(sub!.confirmed_at).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(sub!.unsubscribed_at).toBeFalsy()
+
+    // The key must remain unchanged — a new row would have a different key
+    expect(sub!.key).toBe(token)
+  })
+
+  it('has exactly one active row for this pubkey', async () => {
+    // getSubscriptionByPubkey filters by unsubscribed_at IS NULL and
+    // returns at most one row (enforced by the partial unique index).
+    // If a second active row exists, the index is absent or bypassed.
+    const active = await db.getSubscriptionByPubkey(pubkey)
+    expect(active).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(active!.confirmed_at).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(active!.key).toBe(token)
+  })
+})

test/event-arrival-race.test.ts

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ describe('Event-arrival race in digest job', () => {
     expect(s).toBeTruthy()
     const confirmed = await db.confirmSubscription(s.key)
     expect(confirmed).toBeTruthy()
-    sub = confirmed
+    sub = confirmed!.sub
 
     // Set last_digest_at to 60 seconds ago (the "since" value runJob would use)
     since = Math.floor(Date.now() / 1000) - 60

test/notify-response-shape.test.ts

@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ describe('notify_response_shape', () => {
     const email = 'shape-test-' + Date.now() + '@example.com'
     const sub = await db.insertSubscription(pubkey, email, 'daily')
     const confirmed = await db.confirmSubscription(sub.key)
-    subId = confirmed.id
+    subId = confirmed!.sub.id
 
     // Start the express server on a random available port
     await new Promise<void>((resolve) => {

test/reschedule-on-frequency-change.test.ts

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ describe('Frequency change reschedules cron job', () => {
 
     const confirmed = await db.confirmSubscription(sub.key)
     expect(confirmed).toBeTruthy()
-    sub = confirmed
+    sub = confirmed!.sub
   })
 
   it('registers cron job with daily frequency', () => {